Sustainability and efficiency assessment of routes for long-term energy storage in chemicals
Author
Other authors
Publication date
2025-03ISSN
2352-5509
Abstract
Renewable power plays a prominent role in the decarbonization of energy generation, particularly wind and solar energy sources. However, the intermittency of these renewable sources calls for energy storage, where hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol have emerged as potential chemical energy vectors. Such alternatives are often evaluated without modelling all the phases in detail of the storage process, i.e., (1) power-to-chemicals (P2C), (2) storage, and (3) chemicals-to-power (C2P), which can lead to limited insights. This work evaluates hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol as chemical energy vectors considering their economic and environmental performance using detailed simulations for all phases of the process based on harmonized assumptions and consistent datasets. Moreover, process simulation and life cycle assessment (LCA) are coupled with data envelopment analysis (DEA) to identify the most efficient alternatives and determine improvement targets for the inefficient ones. Hydrogen is found to have the lowest costs and environmental impacts, while methanol-based scenarios are moderately more expensive, and ammonia routes are the costliest. Furthermore, based on our modelling assumptions, methanol routes outperform ammonia routes in both economic and environmental terms. This work sheds light on the potential of chemical energy storage applications, and aims to open new avenues for holistic assessments of power generation and storage technologies under multiple sustainability and economic indicators.
Document Type
Article
Document version
Published version
Language
English
Subject (CDU)
502 - The environment and its protection
620 - Materials testing. Commercial materials. Power stations. Economics of energy
Keywords
Data envelopment analysis
Chemical energy storage
Renewable energy
Ammonia
Methanol
Sustainability
Anàlisi d'envolupament de dades
Energia--Emmagatzematge
Energies renovables
Amoníac
Metanol
Sostenibilitat
Pages
p.14
Publisher
Elsevier
Is part of
Sustainable Production and Consumption 2025, 54, 289-302
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
Rights
© L'autor/a
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/